Context Although drug cues reliably activate the brain's reward system, studies rarely
examine how the processing of drug stimuli compares with natural reinforcers or relates to …

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of methadone treatment and
buprenorphine treatment on retention in treatment, urine drug testing results, psychiatric …

There is significant experimental evidence implicating the endogenous opioid system
(opioid peptides and opioid receptors) with the processes of reward and reinforcement …

Objective: To provide an overview of treatment options for opioid-dependent patients.
Method: We screened all published studies on the treatment of opioid dependence, with a …

Concurrent abuse of cocaine and heroin is a common problem. Methadone is effective for
opioid dependence. The question arises as to whether combining agonist-like or antagonist …

BACKGROUND: Longer tenure in methadone treatment has been associated with positive
outcomes such as reductions in drug use and crime, HIV seroconversion, and overdose …

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the 2-year outcomes for 351 drug misusers
allocated on an intention-to-treat basis to methadone maintenance or methadone reduction …

Illicit drug use is responsible for more than 25,000 deaths and $100 billion in total economic
costs annually in the United States (Harwood, Fountain, & Livermore, 1998). Recently …

To examine long-term outcomes with primary care office-based buprenorphine/naloxone
treatment, we followed 53 opioid-dependent patients who had already demonstrated six …

Background and aims Medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) reduces harms
associated with opioid use disorder (OUD), including risk of overdose. Understanding how …