Until recently, the intrinsically high level of cross-talk between immune cells, the complexity
of immune cell development, and the pleiotropic nature of cytokine signaling have …

The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway is a key player in metazoan
biology, and its misregulation can result in tumor development. The regulatory cytokine …

TGF-beta signaling is one of the major pathways controlling cell and tissue behavior not only
in homeostasis but also in disease. During tumorigenesis TGF-beta orchestrated processes …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cytokines signal via a complex network of pathways to
regulate proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, and other functions in many cell …

Key elements of cancer progression towards metastasis are the biological actions of cancer
stem cells and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment. Cross-communication between …

The identification of intestinal stem cells as well as their malignant counterparts, colon
cancer stem cells, has undergone rapid development in recent years. Under physiological …

Since their discovery by Steinman and Cohn in 1973, dendritic cells (DCs) have become
increasingly recognized for their crucial role as regulators of innate and adaptive immunity …

Tumor metastases are responsible for approximately 90% of all cancer-related deaths.
Although many patients can be cured, in the US and UK, cancer still causes 730,000 deaths …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily signaling pathways are ubiquitous and
essential regulators of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, migration …

New data indicate that primary dysfunction in the tumour microenvironment, in addition to
epithelial dysfunction, can be crucial for carcinogenesis. These recent findings make a …