Background Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) display an altered colonic
microbiome compared with healthy controls. However, little is known on the bile duct …

The gut-liver axis covers the bidirectional communication between the gut and the liver, and
thus includes signals from liver-to-gut (eg, bile acids, immunoglobulins) and from gut-to-liver …

The gut microbiome is the natural intestinal inhabitant that has been recognized recently as
a major player in the maintenance of human health and the pathophysiology of many …

Introduction Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and chronic rheumatic diseases (CRDs)
are systemic chronic disorders sharing common genetic, immune and environmental factors …

Bile acids are a class of cholesterol derivatives that have been known for a long time for their
critical roles in facilitating the digestion and absorption of lipid from the daily diet. The …

Autoimmune liver diseases are a group of immune-mediated liver diseases with three
distinct entities, including autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary …

Humans and other mammalian hosts have evolved mechanisms to control the bacteria
colonizing their mucosal barriers to prevent invasion. While the breach of barriers by …

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic disease leading to fibrotic scarring of the
intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, causing considerable morbidity and mortality via …

Cholangiopathies encompass various biliary diseases affecting the biliary epithelium,
resulting in cholestasis, inflammation, fibrosis, and ultimately liver cirrhosis. Primary biliary …

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant hepatic tumor with a poor prognosis, which
needs early diagnosis urgently. The gut microbiota has been shown to play a crucial role in …