All eukaryotic cells contain four RNA polymerases originally defined by their sensitivity to
different drugs, and now by the sets of genes they transcribe. 1− 4 Polymerase I produces …

Several studies have shown that promoters of protein-coding genes are origins of pervasive
non-coding RNA transcription and can initiate transcription in both directions. However, only …

Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation. The most direct and unbiased method of
studying spontaneous mutations is via mutation accumulation (MA) lines. Until recently, MA …

R loops form when transcripts hybridize to homologous DNA on chromosomes, yielding a
DNA: RNA hybrid and a displaced DNA single strand. R loops impact the genome of many …

Various factors differentially recognize trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) near
promoters, H3K4me2 just downstream, and promoter-distal H3K4me1 to modulate gene …

Transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) requires preinitiation complex
(PIC) assembly at gene promoters. In the dynamic nucleus, where thousands of promoters …

Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone post-translational modifications, control longevity
in diverse organisms. Relatedly, loss of proper transcriptional regulation on a global scale is …

The polyadenosine tail (poly [A]-tail) is a universal modification of eukaryotic messenger
RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). In budding yeast, Pap1-synthesized …

Fully assembled ribosomes exist in two populations: polysomes and monosomes. While the
former has been studied extensively, to what extent translation occurs on monosomes and …

Cell size varies during the cell cycle and in response to external stimuli. This requires the
tight coordination, or" scaling," of mRNA and protein quantities with the cell volume in order …