Men and women exhibit differences in the development and progression of Alzheimer's
disease (AD). The factors underlying the sex differences in AD are not well understood. This …

Neuroinflammation is a physiological protective response in the context of infection and
injury. However, neuroinflammation, especially if chronic, may also drive …

The activation of resident microglial cells, alongside the infiltration of peripheral
macrophages, are key neuroinflammatory responses to traumatic brain injury (TBI) that are …

The belief that the vertebrate brain functions normally without classical lymphatic drainage
vessels has been held for many decades. On the contrary, new findings show that functional …

Current understanding on the mechanisms of brain injury and neurodegeneration highlights
an appreciation of multicellular interactions within the neurovascular unit (NVU), which …

Estrogens and estrogen-like molecules can modify the biology of several cell types.
Estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) belong to the so-called classical family of …

Despite efforts in prevention and intensive care, trauma and subsequent sepsis are still
associated with a high mortality rate. Traumatic injury remains the main cause of death in …

Estradiol, either from peripheral or central origin, activates multiple molecular
neuroprotective and neuroreparative responses that, being mediated by estrogen receptors …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating central nervous
system disorder that is more common in women, with onset often during reproductive years …

Genetic, developmental, biochemical, and environmental variables interact intricately to
produce sex differences. The significance of sex differences in cancer susceptibility is being …