The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays a vital role in cellular
processes such as gene expression, cell proliferation, cell survival, and apoptosis. Also …

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer. The discovery of new biomarkers for
thyroid cancer has significantly improved the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis …

Background Metastatic thyroid cancers that are refractory to radioiodine (iodine-131) are
associated with a poor prognosis. In mouse models of thyroid cancer, selective mitogen …

Context BRAFV600E mutant thyroid cancers are often refractory to radioiodine (RAI).
Objectives To investigate the utility and molecular underpinnings of enhancing lesional …

Aberrant activation of the RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK1/2 pathway occurs in more than 30% of
human cancers. As part of this pathway, MEK1 and MEK2 have crucial roles in …

Thyroid cancer is a frequently encountered endocrine malignancy. Despite the favorable
prognosis of this disease, 15–20% of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) cases and most …

The RAF inhibitor vemurafenib (PLX4032) increases survival in patients with BRAF-mutant
metastatic melanoma, but has limited efficacy in patients with colorectal cancers. Thyroid …

Recurrent, metastatic disease represents the most frequent cause of death for patients with
thyroid cancer, and radioactive iodine (RAI) remains a mainstay of therapy for these patients …

Four distinct MAP kinase signaling pathways involving 7 MEK enzymes have been
identified. MEK1 and MEK2 are the prototype members of MEK family proteins. Several MEK …

Background: Mutations of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) are
commonly identified in papillary and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and are associated with …