Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to
the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte …

In modern medicine, bone and dental loss and defects are common and widespread
morbidities, for which regenerative therapy has shown great promise. Mesenchymal stem …

Craniosynostosis results from premature fusion of the cranial suture (s), which contain
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are crucial for calvarial expansion in coordination with …

Sutures separate the flat bones of the skull and enable coordinated growth of the brain and
overlying cranium. The coronal suture is most commonly fused in monogenic …

The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH)
signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological …

Dental caries is a common disease that not only destroys the rigid structure of the teeth but
also causes pulp necrosis in severe cases. Once pulp necrosis has occurred, the most …

Phenotypic variation across mammals is extensive and reflects their ecological
diversification into a remarkable range of habitats on every continent and in every ocean …

Vascularization is critical for skull development, maintenance, and healing. Yet, there
remains a significant knowledge gap in the relationship of blood vessels to cranial skeletal …

Skeletal stem cells from the suture mesenchyme, which are referred to as suture stem cells
(SuSCs), exhibit long-term self-renewal, clonal expansion, and multipotency. These SuSCs …

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a heterogenous cell population found in a wide
range of tissues in the body, known for their nutrient-producing and immunomodulatory …