Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to
emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease …

Abstract Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and its signaling pathway play a primary role in
normal growth and ageing, however serum IGF-1 is known to reduce with advancing age …

The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of overlapping conditions resulting in an increased
incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In the last few decades …

The free hormone hypothesis states that a hormone's physiological effects depend on the
free hormone concentration, not the total hormone concentration. Although the in vivo …

Context Definition of etiological subgroups of sarcopenia may help to develop targeted
treatments. insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I), Insulinlike growth factor binding protein 3 …

Background: Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been implicated in several chronic
diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Objective: Our aim was to …

IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1) plays a unique role in the cell protection of multiple
systems, where its fine-tuned signal transduction helps to preserve tissues from hypoxia …

Complex immunological mechanisms underlie the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated
ophthalmopathy (TAO). Historical models of Graves' disease and TAO have focused almost …

The interaction between the GH-IGF-I axis and thyroid hormone metabolism is complex and
not fully understood. T4 stimulates IGF-I activity in animals in the absence of GH. On the …

What makes East African middle and long distance runners the best in the world? How
should contemporary academia approach this question? The success of East African …