Opiate and cocaine addictions are major social and medical problems that impose a
significant burden on society. Despite the size and scope of these problems, there are few …

Opioids are used for acute and chronic pain and dependency. They have a narrow
therapeutic index and large interpatient variability in response. Genetic factors regulating …

Codeine is an analgesic drug acting on μ-opiate receptors predominantly via its metabolite
morphine, which is formed almost exclusively by the genetically polymorphic enzyme …

Responses to painful stimuli are characterized by tremendous interindividual variability, and
genetic factors likely account for some proportion of this variability. However, few studies …

Background: Dispositions for genes encoding opioid receptors may explain some variability
in morphine efficacy. Experimental studies show that morphine and morphine‐6 …

Background Previous studies have shown that genetic variability at position 118 of the
human mu-opioid receptor gene altered patients' response to intravenous morphine. The …

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inactivates dopamine, epinephrine and
norepinephrine in the nervous system. A common functional polymorphism (Val158Met) …

Background: Opioid use in patients with renal impairment can lead to increased adverse
effects. Opioids differ in their effect in renal impairment in both efficacy and tolerability. This …

Background: Morphine consumption after a given surgical procedure can vary considerably.
Studies show that single nucleotide polymorphism involving the nucleotide position 118 at …

Cancer pain patients need variable opioid doses. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest
that opioid efficacy is related to genetic variability. However, the studies have small samples …