The ability to sense and respond to a rewarding stimulus is a key advantage for animals in
their natural environment. The circuits that mediate these responses are complex, and it has …

An animal's sensory percepts are not raw representations of the outside world. Rather, they
are constructs influenced by many factors including the species, past experiences, and …

Regulation of reward signaling in the brain is critical for appropriate judgement of the
environment and self. In Drosophila, the protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) cluster …

Although pesticides are a key driver of bee decline globally, the contribution of non-
insecticidal pesticides, specifically herbicides and fungicides, is poorly understood. The …

Substance use disorders are chronic relapsing disorders often impelled by enduring
memories and persistent cravings. Alcohol, as well as other addictive substances, remolds …

Exposing honey bees to isopentylacetate (IPA) can cause stress-related changes in learning
performance. In bees of foraging age, IPA's effects on learning are mimicked by C-type …

How brains function to generate appropriate behaviours is a key question for
neuroscientists. The larva of Drosophila melanogaster is emerging as a powerful study case …

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a debilitating chronic disorder with enormous social and
economic impact. According to the brain disease model of addiction (BDMA), this affliction …

Neuropeptides have gained broad attraction in insect neuroscience and physiology, as new
genetic tools are increasingly uncovering their wide-ranging pleiotropic functions with high …

The positive or negative affect that an animal has to an external stimulus is known as
valence. In order to survive, an organism's brain must appropriately encode pleasurable and …