Inhibition of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II; NAALADase) produces a variety of
effects on glutamatergic neurotransmission. The aim of this study was to investigate effects …

Drug addiction is recognized as a mental disease affecting the brain's natural reward
system. Drugs of abuse strongly activate reward structures in the brain and induce lasting …

Nicotine, the primary psychoactive component of tobacco products, produces diverse
neurophysiological, motivational, and behavioral effects through several brain regions and …

Conantokins are venom peptides from marine cone snails that are NMDA receptor
antagonists. Here, we report the characterization of a 24 AA conantokin from Conus …

Behavioural studies have provided strong evidence for common substrates in the rewards of
natural and addictive substances, but it is still unclear whether there is a common …

This study investigated the effect of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on acquisition and expression
of morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. Therefore animals were injected with …

Conantokin-G (con-G), conantokin-T (con-T), a truncated conantokin-R (con-R [1–17]), that
functions the same as wild-type con-R, and variant sequences of con-T, were chemically …

Antagonists of glutamate N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) subtype receptor inhibit the
development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of opioids. Another way to inhibit the …

There is a body of evidence implying the involvement of the central glutamatergic system in
morphine dependence. In this study, we examined the effect of intracerebroventricular (icv) …

Objective Variation in the activity of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) affects the
pharmacokinetics and effectiveness of dextromethorphan (DM), because it controls the …