The bones are of mesenchymal or ectomesenchymal origin, form the skeleton of most
vertebrates, and are essential for locomotion and organ protection. As a living tissue they …

When describing the architecture and ultrastructure of animal skeletons, introductory
biology, anatomy and histology textbooks typically focus on the few bone and cartilage types …

Endochondral bone is the main internal skeletal tissue of nearly all osteichthyans—the
group comprising more than 60,000 living species of bony fishes and tetrapods …

The neurocranium is an integral part of the vertebrate head, itself a major evolutionary
innovation,. However, its early history remains poorly understood, with great dissimilarity in …

Throughout the animal kingdom regenerative ability varies greatly from species to species,
and even tissue to tissue within the same organism. The sheer diversity of structures and …

Whipworms are large metazoan parasites that inhabit multi-intracellular epithelial tunnels in
the large intestine of their hosts, causing chronic disease in humans and other mammals …

The poor intrinsic repair capacity of mammalian joint cartilage likely contributes to the high
incidence of arthritis worldwide. Adult zebrafish can regenerate many structures that show …

An accepted uniting character of modern cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, chimaera) is the
presence of a mineralized, skeletal crust, tiled by numerous minute plates called tesserae …

Members of the Chondrichthyes (Elasmobranchii and Holocephali) are distinguished by
their largely cartilaginous endoskeletons, which comprise an uncalcified core overlain by a …

Tissue engineering and cell therapy for regenerative medicine have great potential to treat
chronic disorders. In musculoskeletal disorders, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have …