This review provides a revised and expanded word-formula system of whole-seed primary
dormancy classification that integrates the scheme of Nikolaeva with that of Baskin and …

Background As in most land plants, the roots of orchids (Orchidaceae) associate with soil
fungi. Recent studies have highlighted the diversity of the fungal partners involved, mostly …

Arbuscular (AM) and orchid (OrM) mycorrhiza are the most widespread mycorrhizal
symbioses among flowering plants, formed by distinct fungal and plant species. They are …

There is increasing awareness that many terrestrial and aquatic organisms are not strictly
heterotrophic or autotrophic but rather mixotrophic. Mixotrophy is an intermediate nutritional …

Orchids form mycorrhizal symbioses with fungi in natural habitats that affect their seed
germination, protocorm growth, and adult nutrition. An increasing number of studies …

Orchids are highly dependent on their mycorrhizal fungal partners for nutrient supply,
especially during early developmental stages. In addition to organic carbon, nitrogen (N) is …

We examine recent evidence for ratchet‐like genome degradation in mycoheterotrophs,
plants that obtain nutrition from fungi. Initial loss of the NADH dehydrogenase‐like (NDH) …

Orchids are associated with diverse fungal taxa, including nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi
as well as mycorrhizal fungi. The orchid mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis is an excellent model …

Contents Summary 996 I. Introduction 996 II. An ancient, and diverse, symbiosis 998 III.
Structural diversity in ancient plant–fungal partnerships 1000 IV. Mycorrhizal unity in host …

With> 22 000 species in 880 genera occurring on all continents in almost every habitat, the
Orchidaceae is considered the most diverse and most widely distributed plant family on …