Learning Objectives Contrast the current strengths and limitations of the three main slide-
based techniques (IHC, FISH, and CISH) currently in clinical use for testing breast cancer …

More than twenty recombinant antibody molecules are now licensed for the treatment of a
variety of cancers and chronic diseases. Initially, the attraction of antibodies was their …

Introduction Trastuzumab is widely used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.
Despite encouraging clinical results, a significant fraction of patients are, or become …

HER2-targeted monoclonal antibodies improve the outcome for advanced breast cancer
patients; however, resistance to therapy is still frequent. Epitope masking and steric …

Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) in cancer cells
correlates with tumor malignancy and poor prognosis for cancer patients. For this reason …

Aberrant activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is found in many types of cancer and thus
plays a major role in breast cancer cell proliferation and anti-cancer drug resistance. The …

There is strong clinical evidence that trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the
human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) two tyrosine kinase receptor, is an important …

Endocrine therapy forms a central modality in the treatment of estrogen receptor positive
breast cancer. The routine use of 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen has improved survival rates …

The epidermal growth factor receptor is overexpressed in up to 60% of ovarian epithelial
malignancies. EGFR regulates complex cellular events due to the large number of ligands …

The EGF receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in the development and progression of many
tumors. Although monoclonal antibodies directed against EGFR have been approved for the …