Vaccines comprising innovative adjuvants are rapidly reaching advanced translational
stages, such as the authorized nanotechnology adjuvants in mRNA vaccines against COVID …

Escherichia coli is one of the most-studied microorganisms worldwide but its characteristics
are continually changing. Extraintestinal E. coli infections, such as urinary tract infections …

Biofilm formation of microorganisms causes persistent tissue and foreign body infections
resistant to treatment with antimicrobial agents. Up to 80% of human bacterial infections are …

Twenty-five years have passed since the discovery of cyclic dimeric (3′→ 5′) GMP (cyclic
di-GMP or c-di-GMP). From the relative obscurity of an allosteric activator of a bacterial …

Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are agonists of stimulator of IFN genes (STING) and have
potential as vaccine adjuvants. However, cyclic di-GMP (cdGMP) injected sc shows minimal …

Recognizing the presence of invading pathogens is key to mounting an effective innate
immune response. Mammalian cells express different classes of germline-encoded pattern …

Traditional aluminum adjuvants can trigger strong humoral immunity but weak cellular
immunity, limiting their application in some vaccines. Currently, various immunomodulators …

The use of antibiotics in food-producing animals has significantly increased animal health by
lowering mortality and the incidence of diseases. Antibiotics also have largely contributed to …

For an organism to survive, it must be able to sense its environment and regulate
physiological processes accordingly. Understanding how bacteria integrate signals from …

Although type I IFNs play critical roles in antiviral and antitumor activity, it remains to be
elucidated how type I IFNs are produced in sterile conditions of the tumor microenvironment …