Polyethylene glycol or PEG has a long history of use in medicine. Many conventional
formulations utilize PEG as either an active ingredient or an excipient. PEG found its use in …

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have developed in the last two decades into the backbone of
pharmacotherapeutic interventions in a variety of indications, with currently more than 40 …

Although immunotherapy harnessing activity of the immune system against tumors has
made great progress, the treatment efficacy remains limited in most cancers. Current …

Biological molecules are increasingly becoming a part of the therapeutics portfolio that has
been either recently approved for marketing or those that are in the pipeline of several …

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by chronic inflammation of the
intestinal tract associated with an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota. Crohn's disease …

The dysregulated phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin
(mTOR) signaling pathway has been implicated in various immune-mediated inflammatory …

The management of RA, SpA, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease has significantly
improved over the last decade with the addition of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (anti …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are proteins produced by bacteria of the Clostridium family.
Upon oral ingestion, BoNT causes the neuroparalytic syndrome botulism. There are seven …

Immunomodulatory biologics, which render their therapeutic effects by modulating or
harnessing immune responses, have proven their therapeutic utility in several complex …

The coming wave of patent expiries of first generation commercialized biotherapeutical
drugs has seen the global market open its doors to close copies of these products. These …