How does domestication affect the brain? This question has broad relevance. Domesticated
animals play important roles in human society, and substantial recent work has addressed …

In mammals, trait variation is often reported to be greater among males than females.
However, to date, mainly only morphological traits have been studied. Energy expenditure …

Environmental change is frequent. To adjust and survive, animals need behavioural
flexibility. Recently, cognitive flexibility has emerged as a driving force for adjusting to …

Intra-specific variation in both the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and mitochondrial efficiency
(the amount of ATP produced per unit of oxygen consumed) has profound evolutionary and …

There is considerably greater variation in metabolic rates between men than between
women, in terms of basal, activity and total (daily) energy expenditure (EE). One possible …

Environmental conditions can modulate the phenotype of an organism through evolutionary
and plastic developmental mechanisms, with potential energetic consequences due to …

Brains and their component brain regions vary widely in size and structure across
vertebrates. However, extreme increases in total brain size relative to body size (extreme …

2 would suggest that energy expenditure is under sexual selection. However, we present a
novel energetics model demonstrating that it is also possible that females have been under …