Variability in disease presentation, progression and treatment response has been a central
challenge in medicine. Although variability in host factors and genetics are important, it has …

Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis has been consistently described in patients with IBD. In the
last decades, Escherichia coli, and the adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) pathotype in …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal
tract. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD remain unclear, both genetic …

Background Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is characterized by thyroid dysfunction and
deficits in the autoimmune system. Growing attention has been paid toward the field of gut …

Altered gut bacteria and bacterial metabolic pathways are two important factors in initiation
and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, efficacy of probiotics in …

Alterations of the gut microbiota may cause dysregulated mucosal immune responses
leading to the onset of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in genetically susceptible hosts …

Antibiotic use is increasing worldwide. However, the use of antibiotics is clearly associated
with changes in gut microbiome composition and function, and perturbations have been …

BACKGROUND Gut microbiota and its metabolites may be involved in the pathogenesis of
inflammatory bowel disease. Several clinical studies have recently shown that patients with …

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent immune‐modulating drugs with significant side effects,
including glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIO). GCs directly induce osteoblast and …

The complex pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) explains the several
hurdles for finding an efficient approach to cure it. Nowadays, therapeutic protocols aim to …