Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a group of membrane proteins involved in
the transduction of a plethora of chemical and physical stimuli. These channels modulate ion …

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is acknowledged as a major neuromodulator of
nervous systems in both invertebrates and vertebrates. It has been proposed for several …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a late-onset fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting
motor neurons with an incidence of about 1/100,000. Most ALS cases are sporadic, but 5 …

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide. Discovered 30
years ago, it is produced as a consequence of alternative RNA processing of the calcitonin …

Specialized peripheral sensory neurons known as nociceptors alert us to potentially
damaging stimuli at the skin by detecting extremes in temperature and pressure and injury …

Chronic pain states are highly prevalent and yet poorly controlled by currently available
analgesics, representing an enormous clinical, societal, and economic burden. Existing pain …

Interleukin-6 is an inflammatory cytokine with wide-ranging biological effects. It has been
widely demonstrated that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the development of …

Persistent pain interfering with daily activities is common. Chronic pain has been defined in
many ways. Chronic pain syndrome is a separate entity from chronic pain. Chronic pain is …

Upon receipt in the dorsal horn (DH) of the spinal cord, nociceptive (pain-signalling)
information from the viscera, skin and other organs is subject to extensive processing by a …

Acupuncture has been accepted to effectively treat chronic pain by inserting needles into the
specific “acupuncture points”(acupoints) on the patient's body. During the last decades, our …