MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe
outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly …

The BCL-2 family of proteins controls cell death primarily by direct binding interactions that
regulate mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) leading to the irreversible …

Autophagy is a powerful tool that host cells use to defend against viral infection. Double-
membrane vesicles, termed autophagosomes, deliver trapped viral cargo to the lysosome …

The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle with multiple functions. The synthesis of
transmembrane proteins and proteins that are to be secreted occurs in this organelle. Many …

Environmental and occupational exposure to cadmium has been shown to induce kidney
damage, liver injury, neurodegenerative disease, and osteoporosis. However, the …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a common cellular stress response that is triggered by
a variety of conditions that disturb cellular homeostasis, and induces cell apoptosis …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be developed into an important arsenal against cancer; it
is a minimally invasive therapy, which is used in the treatment or/and palliation of a variety of …

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), with its members JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, is a
subfamily of (MAPK) mitogen-activated protein kinases. JNK signaling regulates a wide …

Jun N-terminal kinases or JNKs have been shown to be involved in a wide array of signaling
events underlying tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Through its interaction with a …