Neuronal cell death occurs extensively during development and pathology, where it is
especially important because of the limited capacity of adult neurons to proliferate or be …

There is growing evidence that excessive microglial phagocytosis of neurons and synapses
contributes to multiple brain pathologies. RNA‐seq and genome‐wide association (GWAS) …

The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration is the hypothesis that endotoxin causes or
contributes to neurodegeneration. Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), constituting …

Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, mainly affecting older
people, which severely impairs patients' quality of life. In the recent years, the number of …

Systemic inflammation elicited by sepsis can induce an acute cerebral dysfunction known as
sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Recent evidence suggests that SAE is common …

Amyloid plaques, mainly composed of abnormally aggregated amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the
brain parenchyma, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau …

The complement cascade not only is an innate immune response that enables removal of
pathogens but also plays an important role in microglia-mediated synaptic refinement during …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a major role in key
cellular processes including metabolism and differentiation; however, the role of mTOR in …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by alpha-synucleinopathy that affects all levels of
the brain-gut axis including the central, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. Recently, it …

Activation of the peripheral immune system elicits a coordinated response from the central
nervous system. Key to this immune to brain communication is that glia, microglia, and …