Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic and heterogeneous autoimmune disease with
symmetrical polyarthritis as its critical clinical manifestation. The basic cause of autoimmune …

Immune checkpoints play important roles in immune regulation, and blocking immune
checkpoints on the cell membrane is a promising strategy in the treatment of cancer. Based …

Abstract Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a co-receptor that is expressed predominantly by T
cells. The binding of PD-1 to its ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, is vital for the physiologic …

The regulation of T cell response depends on co-inhibitory pathways that serve to control
immune-mediated tissue damage and resolve inflammation by modulating the magnitude …

Objectives Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a common degenerative joint disease with no
satisfactory intervention. Recently, both physical and mindfulness exercises have received …

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), ie, Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto thyroiditis
(HT), are the most prevalent organ-specific autoimmune diseases, but their pathogenesis is …

The activation of antigen specific T cells during an immune response is a tightly regulated
process at the level of both costimulatory and coinhibitory receptors. One such coinhibitory …

CD8+ T cells are key players in the body's defence against viral infections and cancer. To
date, data on the role of CD8+ T cells in autoimmune diseases have been scarce, especially …

Background: B cells play an important role in the development and maintenance of
rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although IL-10–producing B cells represent a major subset of …

Immune checkpoint regulators are critical modulators of the immune system, allowing the
initiation of a productive immune response and preventing the onset of autoimmunity. Co …