Central nervous system (CNS) barriers predominantly mediate the immune-privileged status
of the brain, and are also important regulators of neuroimmune communication. It is …

As the professional phagocytes of the brain, microglia orchestrate the immunological
response and play an increasingly important role in maintaining homeostatic brain functions …

Abstract Mu-Opioid Receptors (MORs) are well-known for participating in analgesia,
sedation, drug addiction, and other physiological functions. Although MORs have been …

Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is subject to abuse worldwide.
While the modulatory effects of METH on dopamine neurotransmission and its neurotoxicity …

Addiction is a worldwide public health problem and this article reviews scientific advances in
identifying the role of neuroinflammation in the genesis, maintenance, and treatment of …

Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerful central nervous system stimulant which elevates
mood, alertness, energy levels and concentration in the short-term. However, chronic use …

Methamphetamine (METH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant and one of the most widely
abused drugs worldwide. The continuous use of METH eventually leads to drug addiction …

Background As a more detailed picture of nervous system function emerges, diversity of
astrocyte function becomes more widely appreciated. While it has been shown that cocaine …

Psychostimulants and nicotine are the most widely abused drugs with a detrimental impact
on public health globally. While the long-term neurobehavioral deficits and synaptic …

Background Methamphetamine is a neuro-stimulant with neurodegenerative effects, and
ambiguous mechanism of action. Metformin is an antidiabetic agent with neuroprotective …