There is a growing awareness of the importance of sex and gender in medicine and
research. Women typically have stronger immune responses to self and foreign antigens …

BACKGROUND Non-tuberculous pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is widely underdiagnosed
and certain patient groups, such as those with underlying respiratory diseases, are at …

Background We aimed to address the knowledge gap that exists regarding the
epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of nontuberculous mycobacterial …

Inflammation is a characteristic marker in numerous lung disorders. Several immune cells,
such as macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, as well as T and B lymphocytes …

Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary disease (PD) is an emerging condition with
heterogeneous manifestations from both the microbiological and the clinical point of view …

Background There are conflicting results regarding endogenous estrogen exposure and risk
of incident nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). In addition …

Background Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease is one of a growing number
of chronic health problems that is difficult to cure in aging societies. While it is important to be …

In recent years, the incidence and prevalence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial
(NTM) disease have increased worldwide. Although the reasons for this increase are …

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) now contains more than 200 distinct species of
mycobacteria excluding Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae, 1 and the …

Tracheobronchial tuberculosis (TBTB) is most common in young, middle‑aged females.
Despite adequate anti‑tuberculosis therapy,> 90% of patients develop tracheobronchial …