Male germ cells, the repository cells of the genome, comprise several successive
developmental stages starting in the embryo and ending up with the spermatozoon …

The presence of activin A and its effects have previously been documented in the adrenal
gland, particularly in the human fetal adrenal gland and the rat adrenal gland. The primary …

Testosterone and estrogen are essential for male behaviors in vertebrates. How these two
signaling pathways interact to control masculinization of the brain and behavior remains to …

Cryopreservation as a process can be divided into two methods: conventional freezing and
vitrification. The high effectiveness of vitrification in comparison with conventional freezing …

Recent work elucidating the role that the estrogen receptor β (ERβ), a member of the nuclear
receptor superfamily, plays in regulating various physiological functions has highlighted the …

The discovery of estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) in 1996 stimulated great interest in the
physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of ERβ action. We now know that ERβ plays …

Currently, clinical and experimental evidence point to an essential role of estrogens and
estrogen receptors in male fertility. The expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β (ERβ) …

Estrogen signaling is considered to play an important role in spermatogenesis,
spermiogenesis and male fertility. Estrogens can act via the two nuclear estrogen receptors …

Aromatase transforms irreversibly androgens into estrogens and is present in the
endoplasmic reticulum of various tissues including the mammalian testis. In rat all testicular …

A substantial advance in our understanding on the estrogen signaling occurred in the last
decade. Estrogens interact with two receptors, ESR1 and ESR2, also known as ERα and …