Although most patients with chronic pain are women, the preclinical literature regarding pain
processing and the pathophysiology of chronic pain has historically been derived …

Females greatly outnumber males as sufferers of chronic pain. Although social and
psychological factors certainly play a role in the differences in prevalence and incidence …

Increasing evidence suggests that spinal microglia regulate pathological pain in males. In
this study, we investigated the effects of several microglial and astroglial modulators on …

Chronic pain is a major global health issue that affects all populations regardless of sex,
age, ethnicity/race, or country of origin, leading to persistent physical and emotional distress …

Chronic pain remains to be a clinical challenge due to insufficient therapeutic strategies.
Minocycline is a member of the tetracycline class of antibiotics, which has been used in …

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known heavy metal and a neurotoxic agent. Minocycline (Mino) is
an anti-microbial agent with a lipophilic structure that crosses the blood–brain barrier and …

Background Physicians have long reported that patients with chronic pain show higher
tendencies for alcohol use disorder (AUD), and AUD patients appear to have higher pain …

The introduction of sex-as-a-biological-variable policies at funding agencies around the
world has led to an explosion of very recent observations of sex differences in the biology …

The number of approved new molecular entity drugs has been decreasing as the
pharmaceutical company investment in research and development is increasing. As we face …

Introduction Ulinastatin, a broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor, has been widely used to
treat various diseases clinically. However, so far, the antinociceptive effect of ulinastatin …