Risk effects arise when prey alter their behavior in response to predators, and these
responses carry costs. Empirical studies have found that risk effects can be large …

Any animal whose form or behavior facilitates the avoidance of predators or escape when
attacked by predators will have a greater probability of surviving to breed and therefore …

Dynamics of predator-prey systems under the influence of cooperative hunting among
predators and the fear thus imposed on the prey population is of great importance from …

“Predation risk” and “fear” are concepts well established in animal behavior literature. We
expand these concepts to develop the model of the “landscape of fear”. The landscape of …

The vast scope of conservation problems has forced biologists and managers to rely on"
surrogate" species to serve as shortcuts to guide their decision making. These species …

The risk of predation strongly affects mammalian population dynamics and community
interactions. Bright moonlight is widely believed to increase predation risk for nocturnal …

Predators alter prey dynamics by direct killing and through the costs of antipredator
responses or risk effects. Antipredator behavior includes proactive responses to long-term …

For elk (Cervus elaphus) in the Gallatin drainage of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem,
Montana, USA, wolf movements caused local predation risk to vary substantially on a time …

Elk (Cervus elaphus) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem alter patterns of aggregation,
habitat selection, vigilance, and foraging in the presence of wolves (Canis lupus) …

Predators may influence their prey populations not only through direct lethal effects, but also
through indirect behavioral changes. Here, we combined spatiotemporal fine‐scale data …