Macrophages play diverse roles in development, homeostasis, and immunity. Accordingly,
the dysfunction of macrophages is involved in the occurrence and progression of various …

A subset of Nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) function
to mitigate overzealous pro-inflammatory signaling produced by NF-κB activation. Under …

Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are innate immune receptors that play a key role in sensing
components from pathogens and from damaged cells or organelles. NLRs form signaling …

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is clinically characterized by bone fusion that is induced by the
pathological formation of extra bone. Unfortunately, the fundamental mechanism and related …

Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension is a subgroup of type 3 pulmonary hypertension
(PH) with the recommended treatment limited to oxygen therapy and lacks potential …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize danger signals such as PAMPs/MAMPs and
DAMPs to initiate a protective immune response. TLRs, NLRs, CLRs, and RLRs are well …

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the
skin and multiple vital organs, but the immunological pathogenesis of SSc remains unclear …

Abstract Background Sponges (phylum Porifera) constantly interact with microbes. They
graze on microbes from the water column by filter-feeding and they harbor symbiotic …

Acacetin, a flavonoid derived compound has been recognized for its diverse biological
activities, such as anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Acute lung injury (ALI) is a …

Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is an intricate complication of diabetes with
limited treatment options. Anoikis, a programmed cell death activated by loss of cell …