We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

Europe's recent summer droughts have had devastating ecological and economic
consequences, but the severity and cause of these extremes remain unclear. Here we …

All species have an environmental niche, and despite technological advances, humans are
unlikely to be an exception. Here, we demonstrate that for millennia, human populations …

A comprehensive database of paleoclimate records is needed to place recent warming into
the longer-term context of natural climate variability. We present a global compilation of …

Abstract The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), one of the best studied palaeoclimatic intervals,
offers an excellent opportunity to investigate how the climate system responds to changes in …

As the world warms due to rising greenhouse gas concentrations, the Earth system moves
toward climate states without societal precedent, challenging adaptation. Past Earth system …

Seasonal biases (the warm-season contribution) of Holocene mean annual temperature
(MAT) reconstructions from geological records were proposed as a possible cause of the …

The origin of the temperature divergence between Holocene proxy reconstructions and
model simulations remains controversial, but it possibly results from potential biases in the …

The Greenland ice sheet is one of the largest contributors to global mean sea-level rise
today and is expected to continue to lose mass as the Arctic continues to warm. The two …