Exhaled breath is a promising specimen for in vivo drug analysis. The analysis of non-
volatile drugs (NVDs) in exhaled breath is especially valuable due to the clinical prevalence …

Sensors developed from nanomaterials are increasingly used in a variety of fields, from
simple wearable or medical sensors to be used at home to monitor health, to more …

Recently, illicit drug use has become more widespread and is linked to problems with crime
and public health. These drugs disrupt consciousness, affecting perceptions and feelings …

Clinical toxicology (CT) and forensic toxicology (FT) represent two disciplines of toxicology
dedicated to the qualitative and quantitative analysis and respective interpretation of …

In many countries, adherence testing is used to monitor consumption behavior or to prove
abstinence. Urine and hair are most commonly used, although other biological fluids are …

Background Increased telehealth use has led to greater interest in remote drug testing. The
speed, acceptability, and ability to observe oral fluids testing makes it the best candidate for …

The ability to determine the purity (% controlled compound) of drug‐of‐abuse samples is
necessary for public health and law enforcement. Here, we describe the assessment of …

This paper aims to cover the main strategies based on ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for the
analysis of biological samples. The determination of endogenous and exogenous …

Illicit drug use during pregnancy is a concern worldwide, with many international studies
describing attempted strategies to mitigate this problem. Drug misuse during pregnancy is …

Rationale Human breath analysis has been attracting increasing interest in the detection of
abused drugs in forensic and clinical applications because of its noninvasive sampling and …