The placenta is essential for normal in utero development in mammals. In humans, defective
placental formation underpins common pregnancy disorders such as pre-eclampsia and …

Pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction arise from disorders of placental development and
have some shared mechanistic features. Initiation is often rooted in the maldevelopment of a …

The relationship between the human placenta—the extraembryonic organ made by the
fetus, and the decidua—the mucosal layer of the uterus, is essential to nurture and protect …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as the failure of the fetus to meet its growth potential
due to a pathological factor, most commonly placental dysfunction. Worldwide, FGR is a …

BACKGROUND The placenta is the functional interface between the mother and the fetus
during pregnancy, and a critical determinant of fetal growth and life-long health. In the first …

Following embryo implantation, extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) invade the maternal
decidua to a certain extent during early pregnancy, which is critical for normal placentation …

Background Fetal growth restriction is a major determinant of perinatal morbidity and
mortality. This condition has no gold standard definition, but a widely used proxy is delivery …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is often the result of placental insufficiency and is
characterized by insufficient transplacental transport of nutrients and oxygen. The main …

Background Third-trimester studies in selected high-risk pregnancies have reported that low
cerebroplacental ratio, due to high pulsatility index in the umbilical artery, and or decreased …

Background Small for gestational age (SGA) neonates are at increased risk for perinatal
mortality and morbidity; however, the risks can be substantially reduced if the condition is …