Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) are members of the mitogen-
activated protein kinase super family that can mediate cell proliferation and apoptosis. The …

Cyclosporine (cyclosporin A, CsA) has potent immunosuppressive properties, reflecting its
ability to block the transcription of cytokine genes in activated T cells. It is well established …

The biophysical framework of collective cell migration has been extensively investigated in
recent years; however, it remains elusive how chemical inputs from neighboring cells are …

Apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase (ASK) 1 was recently identified as a mitogen‐activated
protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase which activates the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades are activated in response to various
extracellular stimuli, including growth factors and environmental stresses. A MAP kinase …

Mammalian cells respond to endotoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by activation of protein
kinase cascades that lead to new gene expression. A protein kinase, p38, that was tyrosine …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a conserved eukaryotic signaling
module that converts receptor signals into various outputs. MAPK is activated through …

Extracellular stimuli elicit a variety of responses, such as cell proliferation and differentiation,
through the cellular signalling system. Binding of growth factors to the respective receptor …

Cerebral ischemia (stroke) triggers a complex series of biochemical and molecular
mechanisms that impairs the neurologic functions through breakdown of cellular integrity …

Receptor-Dependent Mechanisms of Cell Stimulation by Bacterial Endotoxin Page 1 Annu. Rev.
Immunol. 1995. 13:437-57 Copyright © 1995 by Annual Review.f Inc. All rights rmrved …