Substantial evidence exists supporting a direct role for raf kinases in the development and
maintenance of certain human malignancies. Here we test the potential of phosphorothioate …

In response to extracellular stimuli, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, also known as
ERK), which localizes to the cytoplasm in quiescent cells, translocates to the nucleus and …

The fruit hull of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., has been used for many years as a
medicine for treatment of skin infection, wounds, and diarrhea in Southeast Asia. In the …

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine produced by a variety of cell types involved in
atherogenesis and is chemotactic for neutrophils and lymphocytes. A recent study has …

Mechanical stress activates various hypertrophic responses, including activation of mitogen-
activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in cardiac myocytes. Stretch activated extracellular signal …

We have previously shown that mechanical stress induces activation of protein kinases and
increases in specific gene expression and protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes, all of which …

To date, only very little is known about the molecular infection mechanisms of the head-
blight pathogen of wheat, Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae). Here, we …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily comprises classical MAPK (also
called ERK), c-Jun amino-terminal or stress-activated protein kinase (JNK or SAPK), and …

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are common birth defects
derived from abnormalities in renal differentiation during embryogenesis. CAKUT is the …

We investigated the expression, activation, and distribution of c-Jun N-terminal kinases
(JNKs), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38s) and extracellular signal-regulated …