Background The activation of spinal glial cells (astrocyte and microglia) is reported in patient
with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). However, the roles of spinal glial activities in …

Background Recent studies have indicated that P2Y receptors in spinal microglia play a role
in the development of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, it remains unclear …

There are many reports about natural products relieving neuralgia. Osthole is the main
component of Angelica biserrata Yuan et Shan, a natural product that treats rheumatism …

Purinergic signaling in spinal cord microglia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of
neuropathic pain. Among all P2 receptors, P2Y 6 receptor is expressed in rat dorsal spinal …

The role of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides as signaling molecules in cell-to-cell
communication has now been clearly established. This is particularly true in the central and …

The role of P2X 2/3, P2X 3, P2X 4 or P2X 7 and P2Y 2, P2Y 6, and P2Y 12 receptors in
neuropathic pain has been widely studied. In contrast, the role of P2Y 1 receptors is scarcely …

Acupuncture is a traditional medicinal practice in China that has been increasingly
recognized in other countries in recent decades. Notably, several reports have …

Purines such as ATP are regulatory transmitters in motility of the gastrointestinal tract. The
aims of this study were to propose functional roles of purinergic regulation of esophageal …

Background: Extracellular purines and pyrimidines have important physiological functions in
mammals. Purines and pyrimidines act on P1 and P2 purinergic receptors, which are widely …

Migraine is a debilitating disorder that afflicts over 1 billion people worldwide, involving
attacks that result in a throbbing and pulsating headache. Migraine is thought to be a …