Abstract the use of antibiotics for the control of infections has not only been banned by fdA
for use in food-producing animals, but also several countries have prohibited their use in …

Hepcidin, a cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptide, has a highly conserved gene structure in
teleosts, and it plays an essential role in host immune response against various pathogenic …

Liver‐expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a small peptide, which is consisted of
signal peptide, pro‐peptide and the bioactive mature peptide. Mature LEAP2 is an …

Cromileptes altivelis (humpback grouper) is the main farmed species in the southern coastal
area of China owing to its important economic value. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) belongs to …

Antimicrobial peptides are crucial components of innate immunity against microbial
invasions. As a kind of antimicrobial peptides, bactericidal permeability-increasing protein …

Introduction B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) is the first identified member of the Bcl-2 family that
performs an anti-apoptotic function in mammals. However, its role in teleosts is not fully …

Fish, as vertebrates, secrete various antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)—short, positively
charged amino acid chains that are integral components of the innate immune systems …

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs and
can be recognized by toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), activating the host's immune responses. In …

Fish antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecular peptides with biological activity that
play an important role in the fish immune system. They not only have broad-spectrum activity …

LEAP2 (liver expression antimicrobial peptide 2), is an antimicrobial peptide widely found in
vertebrates and mainly expressed in liver. LEAP2 plays a vital role in host innate immunity …