Abstract Carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) was discovered in 1900 as an abundant non-
protein nitrogen-containing compound of meat. The dipeptide is not only found in skeletal …

Cell survival is conditional on the maintenance of a favourable acid–base balance (pH).
Owing to intensive respiratory CO2 and lactic acid production, cancer cells are exposed …

▪ Abstract We review the physical properties of phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2)
that determine both its specific interactions with protein domains of known structure and its …

Proton transfer across single-layer graphene proceeds with large computed energy barriers
and is therefore thought to be unfavourable at room temperature unless nanoscale holes or …

Proton channels exist in a wide variety of membrane proteins where they transport protons
rapidly and efficiently. Usually the proton pathway is formed mainly by water molecules …

The role of specific lipid structures in biological membranes has been elusive. There are
hundreds of them in nature. Why has nature made them? How do they aid in the functioning …

Carnosine is a dipeptide synthesized in the body from β-alanine and L-histidine. It is found
in high concentrations in the brain, muscle, and gastrointestinal tissues of humans and is …

Proton transfer and transport in water, gramicidin and some selected channels and
bioenergetic proteins are reviewed. An attempt is made to draw some conclusions about …

Highlights•During photosynthesis, a proton motive force (pmf) forms across thylakoid
membranes.•The lumenal pH component of the pmf has important regulatory …

Metabolism is a continuous source of acids. To keep up with a desired metabolic rate,
tumors must establish an adequate means of clearing their acidic end-products. This …