The functional diversity of the mammalian intestinal microbiome far exceeds that of the host
organism, and microbial genes contribute substantially to the well-being of the host …

Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) are facultative pathogens that are part of the
normal human intestinal flora. The ExPEC group includes uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) …

Autophagy is a fundamental catabolic process coordinated by a network of autophagy-
related (ATG) proteins. These ATG proteins also perform an important parallel role in …

Background: Open Access Editor's Choice Review The Food Poisoning Toxins of Bacillus
cereus by Richard Dietrich 1,†, Nadja Jessberger 1,*,†, Monika Ehling-Schulz 2, Erwin …

Cell membrane-coated (CMC) mimics are micro/nanosystems that combine an isolated cell
membrane and a template of choice to mimic the functions of a cell. The design exploits its …

Surface modification of nanomaterials is essential for their biomedical applications owing to
their passive immune clearance and damage to reticuloendothelial systems. Recently, a cell …

A bacterial etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been suspected since the beginnings of
modern germ theory. Recent studies implicate mucosal surfaces as sites of disease …

Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are virulence factors produced by many pathogenic bacteria and
have long fascinated structural biologists, microbiologists and immunologists. Interestingly …

Eukaryotic cells have been confronted throughout their evolution with potentially lethal
plasma membrane injuries, including those caused by osmotic stress, by infection from …

Highlights•Plant NLRs recognize intracellular effectors, inducing cell death and
resistance.•NLRs exhibit diverse localization and modes of effector recognition.•The …