Cancers represent complex ecosystems comprising tumor cells and a multitude of non-
cancerous cells, embedded in an altered extracellular matrix. The tumor microenvironment …

Cancer immunology and immunotherapy are driving forces of research and development in
oncology, mostly focusing on CD8+ T cells and the tumor microenvironment. Recent …

Cancer cells originate from a series of acquired genetic mutations that can drive their
uncontrolled cell proliferation and immune evasion. Environmental factors, including the …

The discovery and clinical implementation of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting
CTLA4, PD-1 and PD-L1 has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, as recognized by the …

Deep learning is a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence that uses a machine learning
technique called artificial neural networks to extract patterns and make predictions from …

T cells are crucial for immune functions to maintain health and prevent disease. T cell
development occurs in a stepwise process in the thymus and mainly generates CD4+ and …

Therapeutic cancer vaccines have undergone a resurgence in the past decade. A better
understanding of the breadth of tumour-associated antigens, the native immune response …

Immune checkpoint blockade, which blocks inhibitory signals of T cell activation, has shown
tremendous success in treating cancer, although success still remains limited to a fraction of …

Anticancer nanomedicines have been proven effective in mitigating the side effects of
chemotherapeutic drugs. However, challenges remain in augmenting their therapeutic …

The natural history of cancers can be understood through the lens of evolution given that the
driving forces of cancer development are mutation and selection of fitter clones. Cancer …