A. Cellular and Subcellular Localization B. Pharmacological Tools to Study Adenosine
Receptors C. Signaling Via Adenosine Receptors D. Regulation of Receptor Expression and …

The adenosine A2A receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been
extensively studied during the past few decades because it offers numerous possibilities for …

Adenosine acts in parallel as a neuromodulator and as a homeostatic modulator in the
central nervous system. Its neuromodulatory role relies on a balanced activation of inhibitory …

Adenosine is released from metabolically active cells by facilitated diffusion, and is
generated extracellularly by degradation of released ATP. It is a potent biological mediator …

Increasing evidence suggests that antagonistic interactions between specific subtypes of
adenosine and dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia are involved in the motor …

Psychostimulants and other drugs of abuse activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase
(ERK) in the striatum, through combined stimulation of dopamine D 1 receptors (D1Rs) and …

The canonical model of striatal function predicts that animal locomotion is associated with
the opposing regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) in direct and indirect pathway striatal …

Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance and has been considered
occasionally as a drug of abuse. The present paper reviews available data on caffeine …

Rationale Caffeine is widely consumed in foods and beverages and is also used for a
variety of medical purposes. Despite its widespread use, relatively little is understood …

Four adenosine receptors have been cloned from many mammalian and some non-
mammalian species. In each case the translated part of the receptor is encoded by two …