Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a family of enzymes which catalyse the metabolism of the
intracellular cyclic nucleotides, c-AMP and c-GMP that are expressed in a variety of cell …

Abstract Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) belongs to a family of enzymes which catalyzes the
breakdown of 3, 5′-adenosine cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and is ubiquitously …

Asthma, a chronic airway disease with known heritability, affects more than 300 million
people around the world. A genome-wide association (GWA) study of asthma with 359 …

A genetic contribution to develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is well
established. However, the specific genes responsible for enhanced risk or host differences …

COPD is a global health concern, and is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality
worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, it is currently the sixth leading cause …

Context: Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are key regulatory enzymes of intracellular cAMP
levels. PDE11A function has been linked to predisposition to adrenocortical tumors …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic inflammatory disease
with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Cytokines, which are the main regulators …

Rationale Lung function measures are heritable traits that predict population morbidity and
mortality and are essential for the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease …

In most living cells, the second-messenger roles for adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic
monophosphate (cAMP) are short-lived, confined to the intracellular space, and tightly …

Cigarette smoke (CS) induces inflammatory responses characterized by increase of immune
cells and cytokine release. Remodeling processes, such as mucus hypersecretion and …