Medicinal plants represent a huge reservoir of secondary metabolites (SMs), substances
with significant pharmaceutical and industrial potential. However, obtaining secondary …

The basis of modern pharmacology is the human ability to exploit the production of
specialized metabolites from medical plants, for example, terpenoids, alkaloids, and …

Artemisia annua, a member of the Asteraceae family, remains the primary source of
artemisinin. However, the artemisinin content in the existing varieties of this plant is very low …

Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive constituents in ginseng (Panax ginseng), possess
substantial pharmacological potential and are in high demand in the market. The plant …

Camptothecin is one of the most commonly used anticancer drugs worldwide, yet the
downstream biosynthetic route from strictosidine to camptothecin has remained unclear for …

Ophiorrhiza pumila, as a folk herb belonging to the Rubiaceae family, has become a
potential source of camptothecin (CPT), which is a monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with good …

Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Menoch), a North American native and world-
popular medicinal and horticultural plant, has been named after its beautiful purple petals …

The majority of secondary metabolites (SMs) are derived from plant defense, and they are
crucial for the research and development of novel drugs. This article is an extensive …

Plants can produce diverse arrays of specialized metabolites with different biological
activities, which are used as raw materials in cosmetics, flavors, fragrances, pigments, and …

Introduction Cepharanthine (CEP), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid (bisBIA) extracted from
Stephania japonica, has received significant attention for its anti-coronavirus properties …