Newcastle disease (ND) has been a consistent risk factor to the poultry industry worldwide.
Its pathogen, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is also a promising antitumor treatment …

Innate immunity is not only the first line of host defense against pathogenic infection, but also
the cornerstone of adaptive immune response. Upon pathogenic infection, pattern …

Influenza A virus is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to
Orthomyxoviridae family. Based on the antigenic characteristics of hemagglutinin (HA) and …

Bats are important hosts for various zoonotic viral diseases. However, they rarely show signs
of disease infection with such viruses. As the first line for virus control, the innate immune …

Birds are important hosts for many RNA viruses, including influenza A virus, Newcastle
disease virus, West Nile virus and coronaviruses. Innate defense against RNA viruses in …

Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5
(MDA5) are key RNA virus sensors belonging to the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family. The …

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an RNA virus taking poultry as the host, and the
Newcastle disease (ND) caused by NDV is one of the diseases with serious damage to the …

Broiler chicks' responses following combined IBV live attenuated Massachusetts and 793B
strains through gel, spray or oculonasal (ON) vaccination routes were cross-compared …

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious Gammacoronavirus causing moderate
to severe respiratory infection in chickens. Understanding the initial antiviral response in the …

Two key cytosolic receptors belonging to the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like
receptor (RLR) family sense the viral RNA-derived danger signals: RIG-I and melanoma …