Compulsion is a cardinal symptom of drug addiction (severe substance use disorder).
However, compulsion is observed in only a small proportion of individuals who repeatedly …

Critical features of human addiction are increasingly being incorporated into complementary
animal models, including escalation of drug intake, punished drug seeking and taking …

There is increasing evidence in humans and laboratory animals for biologically based sex
differences in every phase of drug addiction: acute reinforcing effects, transition from …

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease with a highly multifaceted
pathology that includes (but is not limited to) sensitivity to drug-associated cues, negative …

Addiction is a disease in which, after a period of recreational use, a subset of individuals
develops compulsive use that does not stop even in light of major negative consequences …

Addiction treatment has not been appreciably improved by neuroscientific research. One
problem is that mechanistic studies using rodent models do not incorporate volitional social …

Relapse to drug use during abstinence is a defining feature of addiction. During the last
several decades, this clinical scenario has been studied at the preclinical level using classic …

Although it is challenging for individuals with cocaine addiction to achieve abstinence, the
greatest difficulty is avoiding relapse to drug taking, which is often triggered by cues …

A widely held dogma in the preclinical addiction field is that females are more vulnerable
than males to drug craving and relapse. Here, we first review clinical studies on sex …

In recent years, animal models in psychiatric research have been criticized for their limited
translational value to the clinical situation. Failures in clinical trials have thus often been …