Lead is a prevalent heavy metal that pollutes the environment and accumulates in the
human body via absorption, bioavailability, bioconcentration, and biomagnification disrupts …

Bones are metabolically active organs. Their reconstruction is crucial for the proper
functioning of the skeletal system during bone growth and remodeling, fracture healing, and …

Aluminium (Al) is frequently accessible to animal and human populations to the extent that
intoxications may occur. Intake of Al is by inhalation of aerosols or particles, ingestion of …

Fluoride is an important trace element in the living body. A suitable amount of fluoride has a
beneficial effect on the body, but disproportionate fluoride entering the body will affect …

Hydroxyapatite is a basic mineral that is very important to the human body framework.
Recently, synthetic hydroxyapatite (SHA) and its nanocomposites (HANs) are the subject of …

Lead (Pb) is a worldwide environmental contaminant that even at low levels influences brain
development and affects neurobehavior later in life; nevertheless it is only a small fraction of …

Plastics are widely used because of their diverse mechanical and physicochemical
properties, however, many plastic products can only achieve their specific characteristics if …

Increased exposure to environmental heavy metals and metalloids and their associated
toxicities has become a major threat to human health. Hence, the association of these …

Microbial resistance to current antibiotics therapies is a major cause of implant failure and
adverse clinical outcomes in orthopaedic surgery. Recent developments in advanced …

Epidemiological studies have reported that exposure to toxic metals like cadmium (Cd) may
promote the development of musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid …