Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal
transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, cell growth, and cell …

Phosphoinositides are signalling lipids derived from phosphatidylinositol, a ubiquitous
phospholipid in the cytoplasmic leaflet of eukaryotic membranes. Initially discovered for their …

Cancer is a severe public health issue that is a leading cause of mortality globally. It is also
an impediment to improving life expectancy worldwide. Furthermore, the global burden of …

Abstract The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a
forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs …

Numerous agents targeting various phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway
components, including PI3K, AKT and mTOR, have been tested in oncology clinical trials …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed cell death protein 1, programmed death-
ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 provide deep and durable …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the clinical management of multiple
tumours. However, only a few patients respond to ICIs, which has generated considerable …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce apoptosis
in a wide variety of cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo, importantly without killing any …

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of
rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the most important intracellular pathways involved in …

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) and mechanistic target of
rapamycin (mTOR)(PAM) pathways play important roles in breast tumorigenesis and confer …