Dairy production is rapidly increasing in developing countries and making significant
contributions to health, nutrition, environments, and livelihoods, with the potential for still …

Simple Summary Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease of ruminants and many non-
ruminant animals caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis …

Background: Vitamin D plays a vital role in modulating both innate and adaptive immune
systems. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency has been associated with higher levels of …

Simple Summary Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a neglected disease in Africa, and it is a hidden
killer disease of large and small ruminants with utmost socio-economic importance …

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease (JD), an
incurable chronic intestinal bowel disease in ruminants. JD occurs worldwide and causes …

Objectives: Bovine paratuberculosis is a devastating infection with Mycobacterium avium
subspecies paratuberculosis that ultimately results in death from malnutrition. While the …

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a causative agent of Johne's
disease, a disease with considerable economic impact on dairy buffalo herds. The present …

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of
Paratuberculosis in cattle and other domestic ruminants. Due to similarities in …

Paratuberculosis (PTB) has been reported in the Sudan in cattle and goats for more than 50
years but has never been reported in sheep. However, suspicion of the disease in a …

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many
non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and is …