Therapeutic reinvigoration of tumor-specific T cells has greatly improved clinical outcome in
cancer. Nevertheless, many patients still do not achieve durable benefit. Recent evidence …

Following their exit from the thymus, T cells are endowed with potent effector functions but
must spare host tissue from harm. The fate of these cells is dictated by a series of …

Inhibitors of the PD-1–PD-L1 axis have been approved as therapy for many human cancers.
In spite of the evidence for their widespread clinical activity, little is known about the …

The immune system recognizes and is poised to eliminate cancer but is held in check by
inhibitory receptors and ligands. These immune checkpoint pathways, which normally …

The ability of CD8+ T lymphocytes to eliminate tumors is limited by their ability to engender
an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Here we describe a subset of tumor-infiltrating …

Recent progress in cancer immunotherapy emphasizes the importance of understanding
immune-regulatory pathways in tumours. Dysfunction of antitumour T cells may be due to …

Checkpoint receptor blockers, known to act by blocking the pathways that inhibit immune
cell activation and stimulate immune responses against tumor cells, have been immensely …

Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have a pivotal role in T cell biology, as they
determine the functional outcome of T cell receptor (TCR) signalling. The classic definition of …

HIV persists in a small pool of latently infected cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Identifying cellular markers expressed at the surface of these cells may lead to novel …

Adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate regression of
metastatic melanoma; however, TILs are a heterogeneous population, and there are no …