Innate immunity against pathogens relies on an array of immune receptors to detect
molecular patterns that are characteristic of the pathogens, including receptors that are …

All lifeforms have developed highly sophisticated systems equipped to detect altered self
and non-self nucleic acids (NA). In vertebrates, NA-sensing receptors safeguard the integrity …

Recognition of DNA and RNA by endosomal and cytosolic sensors constitutes a central
element in the detection of microbial invaders by the innate immune system. However, the …

The co-evolution of viruses with their hosts has led to the emergence of viral pathogens that
are adept at evading or actively suppressing host immunity. Pattern recognition receptors …

Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) sensor cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) along with the
downstream stimulator of interferon genes (STING) acting as essential immune-surveillance …

Three-prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is an anti-viral enzyme that cleaves nucleic
acids in the cytosol, preventing accumulation and a subsequent type I interferon-associated …

Many human cells can sense the presence of exogenous DNA during infection though the
cytosolic DNA receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which produces the second …

Microbial infections are recognized by the innate immune system through germline-encoded
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As most microbial pathogens contain DNA and/or …

Detection of evolutionarily conserved molecules on microbial pathogens by host immune
sensors represents the initial trigger of the immune response against infection. Cytosolic …

Cytosolic DNA stimulates innate immune responses, including type I interferons (IFN), which
have antiviral and immunomodulatory activities. Cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS) …