Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) are set for healthy individuals living in clean
environments. There are no generally accepted RNIs for those with moderate malnutrition …

Approximately two-thirds of women experience nausea or vomiting during the first trimester
of pregnancy. These symptoms are commonly known as morning sickness. Hook (1976) and …

Background Although studies in animals and epidemiologic studies have indicated that a
high vitamin A intake is associated with increased bone fragility, no biologic marker of …

Background: The highest incidence of osteoporotic fractures is found in northern Europe,
where dietary intake of vitamin A (retinol) is unusually high. In animals, the most common …

SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY 2.1
Changes in body composition and weight gain 2.2 Changes in blood composition 2.3 …

Background The World Health Organization recommends routine vitamin A supplementation
during pregnancy or lactation in areas with endemic vitamin A deficiency (where night …

Pregnancy is a time where expectant mothers often focus on their diet to improve their own
health and to preserve the future health of their children. There is much conflicting …

In the past, alcoholic liver disease was attributed exclusively to dietary deficiencies, but
experimental and judicious clinical studies have now established alcohol's hepatotoxicity …

Meat, a concentrated nutrient source, was traditionally considered essential for optimal
growth and development. This reputation diminished as enthusiasm for the lipid hypothesis …

Rubella is a systemic virus infection that is usually mild. It can, however, cause severe birth
defects known as the congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs early in …