Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural nanoparticles containing biologically active
molecules. They are important mediators of intercellular communication and can be …

Macrophages (Mφ) are primary innate immune cells that exhibit diverse functions in
response to different pathogens or stimuli, and they are extensively involved in the …

In the lungs, macrophages constitute the first line of defense against pathogens and foreign
bodies and play a fundamental role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Activated …

Extracellular communication, in other words, crosstalk between cells, has a pivotal role in
the survival of an organism. This communication occurs by different methods, one of which is …

Exosomes are spherical lipid bilayer vesicles composed of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
that deliver signaling molecules through a vesicular transport system to regulate the function …

Exosomes are nanovesicles with a wide range of chemical compositions used in many
different applications. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-EXOs) are …

Macrophages are typically identified as classically activated (M1) macrophages and
alternatively activated (M2) macrophages, which respectively exhibit pro-and anti …

Intestinal fibrosis is an important complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the
course of the development of fibrosis, certain parts of the intestine become narrowed …

Gut mucosal barriers, including chemical and physical barriers, spatially separate the gut
microbiota from the host immune system to prevent unwanted immune responses that could …

Background The intestinal tract is a complicated ecosystem with dynamic homeostasis via
interaction of intestine and microbiota. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is chronic intestinal …